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Capitalist democracies are paradoxical: while their political system is premised on equality, their economic system is based on the promise of inequality. On one hand, capitalism is concerned with wealth creation and consumer welfare. On the other hand, democracy is concerned with the voters' equal say in the composition of the government. But what if a merger that will likely benefit consumers militates against equality in the electoral process? In order to address this tension between concentrations in the economic sphere and equality in the electoral process, I propose in this article a political antitrust concerned with the marketplace of speech in elections. The article is organised as follows. Section II argues that there was a historical relationship between party funding and competition laws in countries such as the United States, Germany and Brazil. Section III argues that recent scholarship on political antitrust has been concerned with the indirect influence of economic power over the political democratic process. Section IV suggests a framework for the regulation of direct influence; more precisely the economic power's influence over the electoral process. I conclude that a political antitrust centred on economic power's influence over elections is promising to capitalist democracies because (i) it may be useful to complement party funding law and media regulation in the protection of political democracy; and (ii) it can be largely harmonised with typical competition law.

In 2015, the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) declared the unconstitutionality of the statutory provisions that regulate corporate donations. But, on the other hand, held constitutional the provision that has permitted individuals to donate up to 10% of the gross income earned in the year preceding an election; and the provision that has enabled candidates to use their own resources up to their political parties total spending. This paper explains how the Supreme Court reached its ruling; and looks at other recent developments in the Brazilian political finance law. I conclude that the Supreme Court's decision has the merit of making an effort to reduce the 'plutocratization' of the Brazilian political process. However, I argue, the Court's decision still enables inequality in the economy to be translated into inequality in politics, which can be problematic for a country that is the fourteenth most unequal in the world.

Resumo Este artigo é um levantamento das consequências da credibilidade das políticas governamentais, um dos principais desdobramentos da teoria macroeconômica nos anos 80. Os economistas do novo clássico usaram-no para explicar por que, no longo prazo, as políticas governamentais fracassam quando pretendem aumentar o nível de emprego acima da taxa natural. Mesmo no curto prazo, eles só alcançam seus objetivos se for possível enganar o setor privado. O resultado será perda de credibilidade e pressões inflacionárias. Outros autores o desenvolveram como uma ferramenta para entender a relação entre governo, partidos políticos e grupos de pressão com a política econômica. Por fim, comentamos alguns artigos sobre a inflação brasileira com base no conflito distributivo e os comparamos com explicações de credibilidade de políticas.

RESUMO Este artigo é uma pesquisa sobre organizações industriais. Pretendemos esclarecer o estado da arte dos estudos empíricos sobre a concorrência industrial. Basicamente, discutimos um ponto de vista que se tornou consenso nesse campo sobre a diminuição da concorrência em indústrias concentradas. Em seguida, examinamos a importância das barreiras à entrada para estabelecer o comportamento empresarial e seu poder de fixar preços. Por fim, com base no renascimento da economia clássica, apresenta-se um panorama sobre a diversificação e o papel da taxa de lucro em uma economia capitalista.

RESUMO Este artigo discute a política de dividendos e seus efeitos na relação e dependência entre administradores e acionistas. A propósito, partindo da visão do economista clássico sobre a divisão do excedente entre lucros e juros, e da visão de Hilferding dos dividendos como uma forma específica de auferir rendimento do capital-propriedade, analisa alguns estudos de economistas financeiros sobre a importância da política de dividendos. Conclui com uma observação sobre as vantagens proporcionadas pelos acionistas que detêm a maioria do capital.

White oats are cereals that are grown in different regions of the globe because they have good adaptability and final destination. Thus, their cultivation has shown significant increases in order to meet demand, especially for forage production, grains, and animal and human consumption. High-quality seeds are necessary for crop cultivation and white oats are sown in winter when thermal fluctuations may occur. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological changes in oat seeds exposed to different temperatures during the germination phase. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four replications in a 6 × 4 factorial design. Six cultivars were evaluated: Aphrodite, Altiva, Artemis, Brava, Corona, and Guará at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, and the following measurements were taken: first germination count, germination, germination speed index (IVG), and seedling length and mass. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance (F test) and the means were compared using Tukey's test. The cultivars were physiologically affected at the minimum and maximum temperatures. At 15 °C, normal seedlings did not form, whereas the highest germination values were recorded at 20 and 25 ºC, which showed that these temperatures were the most favorable temperatures for the germination process. Vigor declined at 30 °C and there was a greater number of abnormal seedlings and dead seeds.